Support for Ehrenreich’s Analysis Using Real World Examples

Equality is the quality of equal. Economy is the opposite of equality. No matter how much we want to earn the same as the person next to us, it all depends on your social class. Since ancient time the society is divided into three class level. We are all familiar with the upper, middle, and lower classes. Every individual falls within the range in one of these classes. Equality among these social classes can never come to existence. I support Ehrenreich’s analysis because the rich will continue to prosper while the poor will always have to work ten times harder to provide for their necessary things and the gap between upper and middle class increases. As time passes the gap between upper and middle class is increasing at a fast paste. Most of those who classify themselves as middle class are now falling under the category of lower class. In 1978 an average worker worked a minimum of $48,302 and the upper class earned a minimum of $ 393,682. Since then the economic condition h as changed. The state of nature states that the world we live in is all about survival of the fittest. Equality will not be reach unless we overcome these three things, competition, difference and glory. The first makes men invade for Gain; the second, for Safety; and the third, for Reputation† (Thomas Hobbes on Natural and Social Equality). Towards the final chapter of â€Å"Nickel and Dimed† Ehrenreich states that â€Å"Some odd optical property of our

It280 Computer Maintanence and Training Manual - 5725 Words

Computer Maintenance and Training Manual Table of content Chapter 1 Safety Environmental concerns Power Protection Dust, static, and heat issues Downloading unauthorized software Chapter 2 Maintenance and Cleaning Tower Monitor Keyboard Mouse Chapter 3 Internal hardware installation Motherboard Power Supply Processor Memory Hard Drives Chapter 4 Basic Principles for supporting I/O Devices and Multimedia and Mass Storage Devices Installing a Video Card Installing a DVD Drive Chapter 1 Safety * Environmental Concerns There are many methods that can be used to dispose of obsolete computer equipment. These include employee giveaways, donations to charity, and in some cases, an execution of the old†¦show more content†¦* If you do not plan to use the computer for a while, try either turning it off, or putting it into a power save mode. This will allow the computer to take a break and cool off for a while. * Try to avoid having a computer placed right next to a floor heater of any kind as this will just increase the amount of external heat being taken in by the computer. With these few simple steps you are on your way to having a cooler safer computer, but there are other issues to look out for, leading me into my next topic. Dust!!! Now don’t get me wrong, I’m not saying anyone has a dirty house, but it’s a fact that dust is everywhere. There is no real way to avoid it. I don’t know what it is, but I swear computers live to suck in dirt and dust and just let it sit there. I tend to clean my computer twice a year because I can barely see through the vent fans anymore. Try some of these tips to help out: * Use a vacuum with a bristle head to lightly clean the vent fans and the computer case. This also works for laptops. The bristles are a good way to remove loads of dirt and dust and to make sure your computer can vent properly. * Canned Air is a must for any computer technician; I know we have loads of it at work. You can buy it at any store, really, from Staples to Stop amp; Shop. Take the computer outside and

Epidemiology and Control of Communicable †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Epidemiology and Control of Communicable. Answer: Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus can live on skin for the longer period and they also prefer to live in warmest, darkest place such as the nose. Therefore, in this condition both the patients are described as colonized (3). In IV drug user, injection drug is one of the major sources of HIV infection as people can get HIV from sharing drug preparation or injecting equipments. Shared needle is basically the main cause of infection because as it contains contaminated blood of infected persons and peripheral blood, lymphoid tissue and bone marrow is the main reservoir for infection. IV drug users take injected drugs that are introduced into the bloodstream using needle and syringe. HIV infected blood can get into blood stream at the time of preparation of drug using blood contaminated syringes, reusing bottles to dissolve drugs into water and reusing cottons to filter out things that block the needles (9). Immunogenicity is the ability of the human body immune system to induce adaptive and humoral cell immune response in response to entry of an antigen. It is a means to check transmissibility of infection by provoking an immune action against the infection. It leads to immunologic memory. Therapeutic agents like proteins leads to hypersensitive reaction and formation of antibodies against the protein. The level of immune status and genetic factor has impact on immunogenicity. Thus immunogenicity is a fctor that indirectly minimizes the transmissibility of disease or infection (8). Infectious agents such as protozoa, bacterium or virus changes surface proteins in order to evade immune response of host. This kind of antigenic variation in an organism is a mechanism to target specific host, repeatedly infect single host and quickly transmit to host cells. It is a response by organism to fight against immunogenicity of host cells. It is an approach to immune evasion by pathogen and reinfecting host as antigen is not recognized by immune system (5). Polio epidemic was first encountered in the nineteenth century. With change in times and improved environmental hygiene and sanitation, age at which people are diagnosed with polio will significantly increase. Children will encounter the virus at increased age compared to previous polio cases in children. Before development in sanitation, children became exposed to the virus but exposure provided them with permanent immunity to the virus. But with modern ideas in hygiene, children are not exposed the virus in infancy and they do not develop natural immunity against it. The ultimate result is that severe symptoms of disease began to be seen. Now there are relatively fewer cases in young children and increase in number of young adults affected by it (2). If a person contracts polio infection, symptoms appear within 5-35 days. The subclinical infection of polio is associated with headache, fever vomiting and sore throat while clinical infection affects the central nervous system. Symptoms of clinical infection include back pain, skin rash, fever, difficulty in breathing, muscle spasm, etc. 90% of polio infection is subclinical type of infection. Polio infection aggravates due to environmental sources of infection like contaminated water, food, flies and poor sanitation. With the improvement in environmental sanitation and hygiene, enteric infection will get delayed and it will reduce the clinical: subclinical ratio of polio cases in endemic area. Hepatitis A virus infection is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water, food or direct contact with infectious person. In order to give advice to Community Aid abroad to prevent infection, it will be necessary know about overseas environmental factors like availability of safe water, food safety procedures and level of sanitation and hygiene in the country. Countries with poor sanitary condition and hygiene practice have been found to have more number of cases of Hepatitis A infection (6). In CAA workers it is necessary to know about their sanitary habits, their living conditions and the kind of foods they consume. It is important because often people living lesser developed areas have more chance of infection. Poor and low quality food also has chance of Hepatitis A infection, so knowing this factors about CAA workers will be necessary. Gonorrhea is caused by gram negative agent diplococcus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the infection occurs in the upper or lower tract, rectum area, cervix, urethra and bloodstream. The bacterium does not survive in the environment and prefers CO2 environment, so urogenital site is the main site for infection. Sexually active men and women are at high risk of acquiring this kind of infection and transmitting the disease. Vertical transmission also occurs by transfer from mother to child during birth. Once the Neisseria gonorrhoeae enters the mucous membrane of urogenital tracts, they utlize their surface pili to anchor at the infection site and target non-ciliated epithelial cells, The pili prevents the phagocytosis of neutrophils and digests IgA on the surface of urethra and cervix. This is done by IgA protease within the pili and helps in attachment of bacteria to these surfaces. This adherence allows transmission of organism inside the fallopian tube and initiates the mechanism of infection. The gonococci replicates after adherence to non-ciliated cells where they are exocytosed into subepithelial cells and inflammations and other symptoms occur. Socioenvironemtal factors like practices of sex and use of safe practices alo affects the transmission of the disease (7). Gonorrhea and Chlamydia can be prevented or treated with antibiotic given to patients orally or by injection. Antibiotic treatment disrupts the chain of transmission of bacterium and prevents the infection from getting worse. Generally combination of dual antibiotics like cephalosporin and azithromycin is used to improve efficacy of treatment. Ciprofloxacin also used in treating sexually transmitted disease (1). Other methods for controlling infections include using antiviral medication or dug combination therapy. The methods for prevention will include health education to provide information about sexual health and interventions to promote sexual health The recent sharp increase of gonorrhea from 1400 per 100,000 population in 1999 to 2225 in per 100,000 population in 2009 indicate a possible decline in safe sex practice which increase the gonorrhea transmission. The other factor is the decreased sensitivity of N. gonorrhoea to antimicrobial drugs (8). Sensitivity Specificity Positive predictive value Negative predictive value Culture and sensitivity 8% 7.5% 93.75% 98.36% Urinary PCR 9% 7.5% 83.33% 100% The symptoms of gonorrhea are mostly asymptomatic in both men and women. As gonnorhea is asymptomatic, screening is critical for identification and prevention of upper genital tract infection and preventing all forns of transmission. The gonnorhea surveillance will involve widespread routine genital screening to assess risk for infection among women. Women are at more risk due to multiple sex partners, inconsistent condom use and HIV infection associated with sexual activity. Pharyngeal screening is also essential for identification of those women who were missed with traditional genital tract screening (4). Due to asymptomatic characteristics of the disease, widespread screening is essential to identify people who are at risk of the disease. Specific testing for gonorrhea because of apparent notification rate in males and females. Yes, this is also the case for indigenous community because they have limited access to sexual health service and so surveillance will be of utmost importance. References: Andric B, Drowos J, Trepka MJ, Suciu G, Alonso A, Hennekens CH. High frequencies of negative pretreatment results following presumptive antibiotic treatment for chlamydia and gonorrhea. Southern medical journal. 2013 May;106(5):321-6. Closser S, Cox K, Parris TM, Landis RM, Justice J, Gopinath R, Maes K, Amaha HB, Mohammed IZ, Dukku AM, Omidian PA. The impact of polio eradication on routine immunization and primary health care: a mixed-methods study. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2014 Apr 1:jit232. Danielsson-Tham ML. Staphylococcal Food Poisoning. Food Associated Pathogens. 2013 Sep 25:250. (1.1) Fagan PS, Downing SG, McCall BJ, Carroll HJ, Howard TM, Palmer CM. Enhanced surveillance for gonorrhoea in two diverse settings in Queensland in the 2000s: comparative epidemiology and selected management outcomes This paper analyses enhanced surveillance data for gonorrhoea from an urban and a remote region of Queensland during the 2000s. It describes the diverse epidemiology of this condition in these two populations and details management challenges and outcomes. Page last updated: 21 February 2014. (3.5a) Guizetti J, Scherf A. Silence, activate, poise and switch! Mechanisms of antigenic variation in Plasmodium falciparum. Cellular microbiology. 2013 May 1;15(5):718-26. (1.5) Hlady RA, Tiedemann RL, Puszyk W, Zendejas I, Roberts LR, Choi JH, Liu C, Robertson KD. Epigenetic signatures of alcohol abuse and hepatitis infection during human hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncotarget. 2014 Oct 15;5(19):9425. (2.2) Leone PA, Hynes NA, McGovern BH. Epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection. UpToDate.[Online][Cited: February 18, 2014.] https://www. uptodate. com/contents/epidemiologypathogenesis-and-clinical-manifestations-of-neisseria-gonorrhoeae-infection. 2013. (3.1) Metcalf CJ, Ferrari M, Graham AL, Grenfell BT. Understanding Herd Immunity. Trends in immunology. 2015 Dec 31;36(12):753-5. (1.4) Westergaard RP, Hess T, Astemborski J, Mehta SH, Kirk GD. Longitudinal changes in engagement in care and viral suppression for HIV-infected injection drug users. AIDS (London, England). 2013 Oct 23;27(16):2559. (1.2)

The Rigors Of Cracling Indias Markets Essays - Economic Ideologies

The Rigors Of Cracling Indias Markets The Rigors of Cracking Indias Markets The economic reform of India is running at a rather slow pace. The government still controls a lot of businesses and is not moving quickly to enhance the countrys growth. The Government should allow private investments in business. This would allow more growth opportunities and more jobs skills for the people of India. The restrictions the government places on the media tries to cover the eyes and ears of the Indian people. The recent approval of satellites has enabled web access and the ability to read some international news, but there is still a need to loosen the restrictions so that the people of India are not shut out. The liberalization of the telecommunications industry has had a huge impact on the society and has increased phone sales dramatically. The service, which used to have a 5-year wait to be connected, now can be done in a couple of days. The government is also scheduled to lose its monopoly on the long distance service business as well. This should allow more competition in the market and thus more jobs for the Indian people. Trade reform has had its share of problems as well. Even though India is a member of the WTO it still has certain barriers and restrictions in place. There have been many family businesses that have closed and the owners still have to pay their employees. There is a need for labor laws that would protect the employer and the employee. Financial reform is a must if India wants to progress in the new millennium. If the government would allow private investment companies to develop their financial markets, the interest of international businesses would surge. This would certainly attract foreign direct investments and boost the economy. With over 1 billion people I feel that many multinational companies would want to tap into such a huge labor pool. There is still a lot of progress to be made, but if the government continues to loosen its grip, this can only benefit the country as a whole. Government Essays

Woolly Mammoth Essays - Food Preservation, Woolly Mammoth, Mammoth

Woolly Mammoth Woolly Mammoths Remains: Catastrophic Origins? By Sue Bishop Since Ted Holden has repeatedly insisted that the mammoth whose remains were found in Siberia in 1901 was preserved by some great catastrophe as described in Velikovsky's books, I decided to research the topic. I found several books on the subject, including the original book written by one of the scientists who actually examined, preserved and transported the mammoth remains from Siberia. Preservation of the mammoth remains was somewhat different than has been imagined by the uninformed. The mammoths were 'mummified', a process that is quite easily done in a cold environment. Guthrie compares it to the process that packaged meat undergoes in a freezer. The following is from Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe by Guthrie: The word mummy has long been used to describe carcasses preserved in northern permafrost. Some have objected to this usage on the basis that preservation by freezing is unlike 'real' mummification of an embalmed or dried corpse. However, frozen carcasses, like Dima and Blue Babe, (two well preserved carcasses described in his book, Dima is a baby mammoth, Blue Babe is a bison) are indeed desiccated and fully deserve to be called mummies. (Guthrie 1990) Underground frost mummification should not be confused with freeze-drying, which occurs when a body is frozen and moisture is removed by sublimation, a process accelerated by a partial vacuum. ... I have often freeze-dried items, sometimes inadvertently, during our long Alaskan winters, where the temperature seldom rises above freezing for eight months of the year. (Guthrie 1990) However, the desiccation of fossil mummies is quite different than freeze-drying. Moisture contained in a buried carcass is not released to the atmosphere but is crystallized in place, in ice lenses around the mummy. This process is more comparable to tightly wrapped food left too long in a freezer. When a stew is first frozen, it swells to a somewhat larger size, bulging the sealed plastic container. The longer it stays in the freezer, month after month, the more the moisture begins to separate, forming ice crystals inside the container. The stew itself shrinks and desiccates. Year follows year, and the stew becomes more and more desiccated, as ice segregates from it. Eventually, the stew has become a shriveled, dehydrated block; unlike freeze-drying in which the object theoretically retains its original form, the stew is shrunken in size and surrounded by a network of clear ice crystals. Soft tissue becomes mummified and shrunken down, looking like a desiccated mummy dried in the s un. These two processes of cold mummification and freeze-drying were not distinctly understood by people unfamiliar with long winters and the back corners of deep freezers. (Guthrie 1990) The picture in the Sutcliffe book shows the front leg of the Berezovka mammoth. The muscles are dried straps over the bones, quite as Guthrie describes, looking very mummified. As for instant freezing, as claimed by Ted Holden, there is no evidence of that. The Berezovka mammoth shows evidence of having been buried in a landslide, the cold mud acting as preservative and the underlying permafrost completing the process by freezing the carcass. E. W. Pfizenmayer was one of the scientists who actually recovered and studied the Berezovka mammoth. I was able to obtain his book, Siberian Man and Mammoth through interlibrary loan. It's quite interesting, the mammoth story is only a part of his book, he also commented at length on people who were living in Siberia at the time of the scientists' journey to get to the site of the mammoth. Pfizenmayer says about the mammoth: Baron E. von Toll, the well-known geological explore of Arctic Siberia, who perished while leading the Russian expedition in 1903, had covered in 1890 most of the sites of previous finds of mammoth and rhinoceros bodies in carrying out his professional investigations. In doing so he had established that the mammoth found by Adams in 1799 buried at the mouth of the Lena in a crevice of a cliff from 200 to 260 feet high, and sent by him to St. Petersberg, had been frozen in a bank of diluvial ice on the slope of the river. This ice bank was not (as Adams believed and stated

Pakistan Early Civilizations History

Pakistan Early Civilizations History From: Library of Congress Country Studies From the earliest times, the Indus River valley region has been both a transmitter of cultures and a receptacle of different ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. Indus Valley civilization (known also as Harappan culture) appeared around 2500 B.C. along the Indus River valley in Punjab and Sindh. This civilization, which had a writing system, urban centers, and a diversified social and economic system, was discovered in the 1920s at its two most important sites: Mohenjo-Daro, in Sindh near Sukkur, and Harappa, in Punjab south of Lahore. A number of other lesser sites stretching from the Himalayan foothills in Indian Punjab to Gujarat east of the Indus River and to Balochistan to the west have also been discovered and studied. How closely these places were connected to Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa is not clearly known, but evidence indicates that there was some link and that the people inhabiting these places were probably related.An abundance of artifacts have been found at Harappa so much so, that the name of that city has been equated with the Indus Valley civilization (Harappan culture) it represents. Yet the site was damaged in the latter part of the nineteenth century when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad used brick from the ancient city for ballast. Fortunately, the site at Mohenjo-daro has been less disturbed in modern times and shows a well-planned and well-constructed city of brick.Indus Valley civilization was essentially a city culture sustained by surplus agricultural produce and extensive commerce, which included trade with Sumer in southern Mesopotamia in what is today modern Iraq. Copper and bronze were in use, but not iron. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were cities built on similar plans of well-laid-out streets, elaborate drainage systems, public baths, differentiated residential areas, flat-roofed brick houses and fortified administrative and religious centers enclosing meeting halls and granaries. Weights and measures were standardized. Distinctive engraved stamp seals were used, perhaps to identify property. Cotton was spun, woven, and dyed for clothi ng. Wheat, rice, and other food crops were cultivated, and a variety of animals were domesticated. Wheel-made pottery some of it adorned with animal and geometric motifs has been found in profusion at all the major Indus sites. A centralized administration has been inferred from the cultural uniformity revealed, but it remains uncertain whether authority lay with a priestly or a commercial oligarchy.By far the most exquisite but most obscure artifacts unearthed to date are the small, square steatite seals engraved with human or animal motifs. Large numbers of the seals have been found at Mohenjo-Daro, many bearing pictographic inscriptions generally thought to be a kind of script. Despite the efforts of philologists from all parts of the world, however, and despite the use of computers, the script remains undeciphered, and it is unknown if it is proto-Dravidian or proto-Sanskrit. Nevertheless, extensive research on the Indus Valley sites, which has led to speculations on both the arch aeological and the linguistic contributions of the pre-Aryan population to Hinduisms subsequent development, has offered new insights into the cultural heritage of the Dravidian population still dominant in southern India. Artifacts with motifs relating to asceticism and fertility rites suggest that these concepts entered Hinduism from the earlier civilization. Although historians agree that the civilization ceased abruptly, at least in Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa there is disagreement on the possible causes for its end. Invaders from central and western Asia are considered by some historians to have been destroyers of Indus Valley civilization, but this view is open to reinterpretation. More plausible explanations are recurrent floods caused by tectonic earth movement, soil salinity, and desertification. By the sixth century B.C., knowledge of Indian history becomes more focused because of the available Buddhist and Jain sources of a later period. Northern India was populated by a number of small princely states that rose and fell in the sixth century B.C. In this milieu, a phenomenon arose that affected the history of the region for several centuriesBuddhism. Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, the Enlightened One (ca. 563-483 B.C.), was born in the Ganges Valley. His teachings were spread in all directions by monks, missionaries, and merchants. The Buddhas teachings proved enormously popular when considered against the more obscure and highly complicated rituals and philosophy of Vedic Hinduism. The original doctrines of the Buddha also constituted a protest against the inequities of the caste system, attracting large numbers of followers. Until the entry of the Europeans by sea in the late fifteenth century, and with the exception of the Arab conquests of Muhammad bin Qasim in the early eighth century, the route taken by peoples who migrated to India has been through the mountain passes, most notably the Khyber Pass, in northwestern Pakistan. Although unrecorded migrations may have taken place earlier, it is certain that migrations increased in the second millennium B.C. The records of these people who spoke an Indo-European language are literary, not archaeological, and were preserved in the Vedas, collections of orally transmitted hymns. In the greatest of these, the Rig Veda, the Aryan speakers appear as a tribally organized, pastoral, and pantheistic people. The later Vedas and other Sanskritic sources, such as the Puranas (literally, old writings an encyclopedic collection of Hindu legends, myths, and genealogy), indicate an eastward movement from the Indus Valley into the Ganges Valley (called Ganga in Asia) and southward at least as far as the Vindhya Range, in central India. A social and political system evolved in which the Aryans dominated, but various indigenous peoples and ideas were accommodated and absorbed. The caste system that remained characteristic of Hinduism also evolved. One theory is that the three highest castes Brahmins, Kshatriyas, and Vaishyas were composed of Aryans, while a lower caste the Sudras came from the indigenous peoples.At about the same time, the semi-independent kingdom of Gandhara, roughly located in northern Pakistan and centered in the region of Peshawar, stood between the expanding kingdoms of the Ganges Valley to the east and the Achaemenid Empire of Persia to the west. Gandhara probably came under the influence of Persia during the reign of Cyrus the Great (559-530 B.C.). The Persian Empire fell to Alexander the Great in 330 B.C., and he continued his march eastward through Afghanistan and into India. Alexander defeated Porus, the Gandharan ruler of Taxila, in 326 B.C. and marched on to the Ravi River before tur ning back. The return march through Sindh and Balochistan ended with Alexanders death at Babylon in 323 B.C. Greek rule did not survive in northwestern India, although a school of art known as Indo-Greek developed and influenced art as far as Central Asia. The region of Gandhara was conquered by Chandragupta (r. ca. 321-ca. 297 B.C.), the founder of the Mauryan Empire, the first universal state of northern India, with its capital at present-day Patna in Bihar. His grandson, Ashoka (r. ca. 274-ca. 236 B.C.), became a Buddhist. Taxila became a leading center of Buddhist learning. Successors to Alexander at times controlled the northwestern of region present-day Pakistan and even Punjab after Maurya power waned in the region.The northern regions of Pakistan came under the rule of the Sakas, who originated in Central Asia in the second century B.C. They were soon driven eastward by Pahlavas (Parthians related to the Scythians), who in turn were displaced by the Kushans (also known as the Yueh-Chih in Chinese chronicles).The Kushans had earlier moved into territory in the northern part of presen t-day Afghanistan and had taken control of Bactria. Kanishka, the greatest of the Kushan rulers (r. ca. A.D. 120-60), extended his empire from Patna in the east to Bukhara in the west and from the Pamirs in the north to central India, with the capital at Peshawar (then Purushapura) (see fig. 3). Kushan territories were eventually overrun by the Huns in the north and taken over by the Guptas in the east and the Sassanians of Persia in the west.The age of the imperial Guptas in northern India (fourth to seventh centuries A.D.) is regarded as the classical age of Hindu civilization. Sanskrit literature was of a high standard; extensive knowledge in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine was gained; and artistic expression flowered. Society became more settled and more hierarchical, and rigid social codes emerged that separated castes and occupations. The Guptas maintained loose control over the upper Indus Valley.Northern India suffered a sharp decline after the seventh century. As a result, Islam came to a disunited India through the sam e passes that Indo-Aryans, Alexander, Kushans, and others had entered. Data as of 1994. Historical Setting of IndiaHarappan CultureKingdoms and Empires of Ancient IndiaThe Deccan and the SouthGupta and Harsha

International marketing management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International marketing management - Essay Example Marketing has shifted from the traditional product centred view to a service centred view. It has further evolved into creating a new experience for the customer by providing unique values. Marketers, therefore segment, penetrate and promote goods with the objective of attracting customers (Vargo and Lusch 2004). Marketing mix as under 4 Ps does not attract a customer any longer as it is product oriented. Therefore relationship marketing has become more important because it moves marketing from transactional to relationship-based exchange. Relationship marketing brings about a new integration into the marketing dimension. With advances made in technology global trade has changed. The customer that was passive in the past has become interactive, becoming connected replacing his isolation and changed into informed from being unaware. Earlier in the seventies and eighties a large parts of the world were controlled economies, especially those of China and India.