Essay on Different Types of Organized Crime in Canada

Different Types of Organized Crime in Canada Organized crime in Canada has many faces. The people who engage in organized crime are as varied as the types of organized crimes they engage in. There are essentially four categories of organized crime in Canada. These four categories are: (A) Aboriginal organized crime groups, (B) Outlaw motorcycle gangs, (C) Traditional Italian Mafia crime groups, ethnic groups such as Asian Triads and Vietnamese gangs, (D) Colombian cartels and emerging crime groups from Russia and Nigeria (Beare 1996: 75). Any of these groups could potentially be linked to such illegal activity as: the trafficking of narcotics, extortion, loan-sharking, various types of frauds, smuggling of cigarettes, alcohol,†¦show more content†¦Many Aboriginal groups have begun to make ties with Asian criminal groups and the more traditional organized crime groups (Mafia). One example of this is within the Vietnamese community in Edmonton cocaine traffickers were using smuggled cigarettes as a medium of exchange for cocaine. 200,000 dollars worth of cigarettes was worth 1.1 kilograms of cocaine (Linquist 1994: 34). Aboriginal crimes tend to be crimes of opportunity. That is to say that Aboriginal groups do not go out and look for illegal ways to make money, they just sort of stumble into them. However once a successful smuggling route is established, this route is quickly taken advantage of by other criminal groups. One good or perhaps it should be considered a bad example of this is a gun smuggling operation. The operation was originally begun as a way to support the military activities of a small number of Mohawk communities. This operations clients now include a Jamaican street gang, the Montreal West Gang, and motorcycle gangs (Beare 1996: 77). The next group of interest to us is outlaw motorcycle gangs. In the old days members of this type of organized crime group were used mainly as hit men by the more sophisticated groups. Over the years however these groups have begun to take part in the more sophisticated dealings of the groups they had previously worked for. It has gotten to the point where now these motorcycle gangs are the ones hiring people to do the work that the Mafia used to hire them toShow MoreRelatedNational Intelligence Analysis1531 Words   |  7 Pagesdrugs in Canada (NIA et al., 2010). Asian, Latin American, and West African organized crime groups, functioning in Canada as well as in foreign countries, remained to be participants in smuggling and transporting heroin in Canada (NIA et al., 2010). That is not to say that Canadian organized crime groups were not participants in the heroin market; Canadian organized crime groups took part in the heroin trade as well (NIA et al., 2010). Heroin importation, h owever, Canada through different kinds ofRead More Organized Crime Essay1035 Words   |  5 Pages Organized crime is often described similarily by groups like government, the press and popular opinion. This similar definition is described through the knowledge people have gained from pop-culture movies, television shows, magazines, novels and stories from newspaper articles. Often these newspaper articles are written by authors who have little more knowledge on the structure of organized crime then what their favorite Sopranos episode dictates. It is extremely rare in todays society thatRead MoreControlling Organized Crime1363 Words   |  6 PagesControlling Organized Crime CJA384 Controlling Organized Crime Since the 1990’s, organized crime has become a problem among U.S. citizens. The Mafia was the earliest group to show its strengths of power and manipulation among citizens and business of New York City. From the time of the Mafia’s rise, other criminal organizations have surfaced using their power to corrupt personal within business for the gain of finance and political strength. In today society, one of the main question whenRead MoreOrganized Crime1084 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Organized crime can be a number of different types of things. According to Lyman Potter, (2007), â€Å"The NCIS describes organized crime as having four salient attributes: An organized crime group contains at least three people; The criminal activity the group engages in is ongoing and indefinite in duration; The group is motivated by a desire for profit or power; and, The group commits serious criminal offenses†(p.15). The group we chose is the American Mafia families of New YorkRead MoreThe Uniform Crime Report1333 Words   |  6 PagesIt is unfortunate that crime exists in our daily lives. There really is no way to stopping crime completely, no matter how many laws or punishment are present, people will continue to keep breaking rules. There are many theories of why that may be the case, for example, Caesar Lombroso and his â€Å"atavistic† theory with the Positivist School theory and how people were â€Å"born criminals†, or the Rational Choice Theo ry, devised by Cornish and Clarke, described that people could think rationally and howRead MoreThe Impact Of Violence, Crime And Drugs On Poverty978 Words   |  4 PagesVIOLENCE, CRIME AND DRUGS ON POVERTY IN KINGSTON JAMAICA I. Introduction A. Background Poverty serves as a motivation to commit crimes and crime has been a substantial contributing factor to poverty in Jamaica. †¢ In Kingston, Jamaica the violence that takes place is directed at the citizens of the island. According to the Jamaica Crime and Safety Report in 2014, almost 1200 murders took place in 2013. †¢ Jamaican on Jamaican violence is a very common type of violence in Kingston, although crimes rarelyRead MoreImproving Law Enforcements Approach to Combating Organized Crime1302 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Organized crime involves a group of people made up of several ethnicities and international unions, who coordinate as well as work in unison, apart, or in line with legal enterprises alongside political realms. Many analysts have concurred that organized crime is both an impediment to academic projects and a realistic social issue that obligates urgent solution. Strategies implemented to limit organized crime often tend to be inclined towards one form of the two approaches. One of theRead MoreThe Legal System Of The Law1559 Words   |  7 Pagesimpact on every individual. There are many types of laws such as laws that deal with crimes and laws that govern activities within the community; there are also specific laws in certain portions of the legal system. Laws are made in order to give us rules of conduct that protect everyone’s individual rights (Canada Department of Justice). How law is dealt with is seen to vary throughout different countries for the reason that each cou ntry contains different laws that are based to fit their cultureRead MoreOrganized Crime Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pagesthat happens right in front of our noses and we never know it. Organized crime is the one thing that we don’t know about that happens right out in the open. That pizza joint you go to that’s been around for years, and then burns down when it starts to go under; or those people that look all innocent and then go and do something a little suspicious. Those are both small things that happen that involve organized crime. Organized crime is all around us and has a huge effect on how society runs andRead MoreTrends In Ala Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pageseach year, is organized crime and gang activity. The needs that are created because of this are to implement more ALERT teams. These ALERT teams are made up of many different enforcement teams, intelligence units, and specialized units. This is put into place to help reduce organized criminal activity a nd ensure safety within communities throughout Alberta. Traditional Policing Traditional policing is a reactive way of policing, as it requires responding to calls after the crime has already occurred

How to Teach Yourself Computer Programming 2019

You may have noticed that computer programmers seemingly speak in a language all their own. Usually their discussions entail issues about a program theyre writing, which may be written in any one of scores of computer languages. So the discussion you hear is about the functions created by using one of those languages or another. While code writing is done on the same keyboard regardless of the computer language, the meaning of what is on those keys may mean any number of things, depending on the computer language. Learning computer programming, then, involves a few steps. The first is studying the underlying theories of programming and grasping the nature of the universe, so to speak. The second is learning about the various computer platforms in use that define how a computer functions and, therefore, how software programs for the platform must be devised. The third is coming to grips with the number of software languages that are out there and learning to use one or two or more of the most common languages. Or, if you are focused on a specialty such as web development, learning the two or three languages that are used in that profession. .udd3eb150c3735cf865d525af6aac2e84 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .udd3eb150c3735cf865d525af6aac2e84:active, .udd3eb150c3735cf865d525af6aac2e84:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .udd3eb150c3735cf865d525af6aac2e84 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .udd3eb150c3735cf865d525af6aac2e84 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .udd3eb150c3735cf865d525af6aac2e84 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .udd3eb150c3735cf865d525af6aac2e84:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Success and Online Finance DegreeProgramming skills are taught at most universities and colleges but a more focused and accessible resource is the online college or technical school. These institutions are designed to teach any student, but they function best for the working professional who wants to change careers or expand his skill set in order to move up the professional ladder. Westwood College offers an online information technology (IT) associates degree in software engineering. While this is a little different from programming, it is important groundwork for a thorough understanding of software construction. The course of study includes an introduction to UNIX, one of the major computer platforms; the fundamentals of programming; introduction to HTML (the internet programming language); Java software development; and relational databases. All of these are programming topics. Kaplan University is an online college that offers both an associates degree and a bachelors degree in programming. This school also provides an IT certification course of study entitled An Introduction to Computer Programming Languages. .u483c4e346630b7d00d1da3d493152931 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u483c4e346630b7d00d1da3d493152931:active, .u483c4e346630b7d00d1da3d493152931:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u483c4e346630b7d00d1da3d493152931 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u483c4e346630b7d00d1da3d493152931 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u483c4e346630b7d00d1da3d493152931 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u483c4e346630b7d00d1da3d493152931:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Business Practices and TheoryWarren National University also has an online IT bachelors degree in software engineering. This course provides the student with all of the tools to design and develop software. Here is a partial list of courses: Software Life-Cycle, Requirements, Specification and Design Software Implementation, Verification and Maintenance Object-Oriented Techniques, Analysis, Design, Implementation and Testing Principles and Use of Database Management Systems Graphical User Interface Design, Evaluation and Implementation Software Project Management Software Development for Real-Time Systems Formal Modeling and Analysis in Software Engineering GUI Toolkits Object-Oriented Databases Network Programming This is another example of a software engineering course of study that digs deeply into the skills required of a programmer. For specific computer languages, there are introductory courses that can be found at online technical schools, and also at your local community college. You can put together educational assets from a variety of sources in order to jump-start your career in computer programming. .ue8e4c9093640f5a112f797fcdc149fdd { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ue8e4c9093640f5a112f797fcdc149fdd:active, .ue8e4c9093640f5a112f797fcdc149fdd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ue8e4c9093640f5a112f797fcdc149fdd { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ue8e4c9093640f5a112f797fcdc149fdd .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ue8e4c9093640f5a112f797fcdc149fdd .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ue8e4c9093640f5a112f797fcdc149fdd:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Bachelor Criminal Justice Degree Online Could St. Louis Use more Criminal Justice College GraduatesRelated ArticlesComputer Programming What is itProgramming in JavaComputer Science TechnologyThe Career Builder A Masters Degree in Computer ScienceComputer Programming ConceptsThe History of the C Programming Language

Energy Sources For Alternative Energy - 930 Words

The constant increase and release of carbon dioxide emissions into our environment have drastic effects on our environment. These greenhouse gases warm the earth impacting its naturally occurring events and processes, such as acid rain, destruction of natural habitats, and even influencing the natural flow of the currents in our oceans. The goal has been to create diverse methods of generating powerful, dependable energy sources that do not have negative repercussions on our environment. Alternative energy refers to sources that do not create undesired consequences, such as fossil fuels do (Alternative Energy 2015). Not only are emissions from fossil fuels concerning, but also these resources are not going to be available for our use forever, making changes for alternative energy sources a pressing topic of discussion. British Petroleum and Royal Dutch Shell, two of the world’s largest oil companies, predict that by 2050, one third of the world’s energy will have to come from some type of alternative energy source (Alternative Energy 2015). Constant growth of population, climate changes, and depletion of fossil fuels makes it necessary for renewables to play a bigger role in powering our world. These resources are often thought to be ‘free’ sources of energy because they are naturally occurring events used to form electric power (Alternative Energy 2015). In addition, all of these forms have a large decrease in carbon emissions compared to conventional energy sourcesShow MoreRelatedAlternative Energy Sources1852 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor problem. This problem is the need for alternative energy sources which can be converted into electricity because the main energy source currently used is coal and the coal deposits will not last forever. The main alternative energy sour ces that many countries are currently researching are wind, solar, hydro and nuclear. But there is currently another source of energy that is heavily debated to see whether the pros outweigh the cons. This energy source is natural gas. The main reason for the heavyRead MoreAlternative Sources Of Alternative Energy Sources1123 Words   |  5 PagesRough Draft: Alternative Energy Sources Imagine a world where sea levels have risen, a world where extreme weather happens more often and with more intensity, and a world that has very few species of animals left due to mass extinctions. (Environmental Protection Agency) But that future is still avoidable. The answer is renewable energy sources. Alternative energy sources are sources of energy that does not use fossil fuels, and generally are clean and renewable. (Jessa) Some examples include solarRead MoreAlternative Sources Of Alternative Energy Sources1704 Words   |  7 PagesAlternative Energy Sources Air pollution, resulting from the burning of fossil fuels, amounts for about 7 million deaths each year. On average, 1 in 8 deaths are caused by some type of air pollution. Fossil fuels are burned every day to keep the world functioning but are accompanied by tremendous amounts of pollution. The world needs energy sources that are as effective as fossil fuels but that come with less harmful pollutants than fossil fuels do. An effort must be made to pull away fromRead MoreAlternative Energy Sources894 Words   |  4 PagesAlternative Energy Sources â€Å"In United States around half of million deaths each year are attributed to air pollution. It is estimated that air pollution each day kills three people in the city of Hong Kong. Air pollution also contributes to soil and water pollution. More than 15,000 people in the world die each day because of water pollution† (pollutionfacts.com). With these statistics, it is no wonder people are coming up with alternative energy sources. From energy to gasoline, there are manyRead MoreGreatpoint Energy : An Alternative Source Of Energy712 Words   |  3 PagesGreatPoint Energy Company Description- GreatPoint Energy specializes in producing of clean and low cost natural gas using coal, petroleum coke and biomass. GreatPoint energy (GPE) has developed a catalytic hydromethanation process known as bluegasâ„ ¢ which is used for this conversion process. GreatPoint Energy prides themselves for their highly efficient, and environmentally safe product. Even more fascinating is that the natural gas produced is interchangeable with drilled gas and there is no needRead MoreSources Of Alternative Energy Sources926 Words   |  4 PagesAlternate Energy Sources Alternative energy sources are becoming more and more popular. The most important alternative energy sources are solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, ocean, and hydropower energies. Their main advantage lies in the resumption of energy resources. This paper will give information about each of sources as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Solar energy The Sun is a leading environmentally clean energy source. The process of generating electricity from sunlight has beenRead MoreAlternative Sources Of Alternative Energy Sources2141 Words   |  9 PagesWhat are alternative energy sources? Alternative energy sources are forms of energy that use natural resources to produce energy. There are three main alternative energy sources that can be used in the place of fossil fuels, which are Nuclear, Solar, Wind, and Hydroelectric. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas are decreasing and eventually will run out. Usage of fossil fuels cause harm to the environment by producing greenhouse gasses. Alternative energy sources are not harmful to the environmentRead MoreAlternative Sources Of Alternative Energy Sources2142 Words   |  9 PagesWhat are alternative energy sources ? Alternative energy sources are forms of energy that use natural resources to produce energy. There are three main alternative energy sources that can be used in the place of fossil fuels, which are Nuclear, Solar, Wind, and Hydroelectric. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas are decreasing and eventually will run out. Usage of fossil fuels cause harm to the environment by producing greenhouse gasses. Alternative energy sources are not harmful to the environmentRead MoreAlternative Sources Of Energy Sources2415 Words   |  10 Pages Abstract This report is on Alternative Energy Sources of Nuclear, Solar, Wind, and Hydroelectric energies. It is an exploration of why are they termed â€Å"non-renewable. â€Å"Additionally, I will address the questions for each of the four type’s nuclear, solar, wind, and hydroelectric, how is it generated and what technology is required. I will also explore the advantages and disadvantages to the use of alternative sources as energy sources. Finally, I will address the specific environmental impactsRead MoreThe Alternative Source Of Energy1578 Words   |  7 PagesAlternative Source of Energy Over the past years, scientist began thinking deeper into the possibilities for energy that is renewable. They mostly looked into the sun as there number one source, the wind and other renewable options. Indeed, the sun for many years has provided heat for the earth whereby the energy it produces warms the earth directly and also indirectly. By so doing the heat makes water to evaporate lakes and other water sources like rivers and streams that eventually falls back to

Epidemiology paper free essay sample

Public healthIn a written paper of 1,200-1,500 words, apply the concepts of epidemiology and nursing research to a communicable disease. Communicable Disease Selection Choose one communicable disease from the following list: Chickenpox Tuberculosis Influenza Mononucleosis Hepatitis B HIV Epidemiology Paper Requirements Include the following in your assignment: Description of the communicable disease (causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment) and the demographic of interest (mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence). Describe the determinants of health and explain how those factors contribute to the development of this disease. Discuss the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to the communicable disease you have selected. Include the host factors, agent factors (presence or absence), and environmental factors. (The textbook describes each element of the epidemiologic triangle). Explain the role of the community health nurse (case finding, reporting, data collecting, data analysis, and follow-up). Identify at least one national agency or organization that addresses the communicable disease chosen and describe how the organization(s) contributes to resolving or reducing the impact of disease. By using the scientific method of investigation, health care professionals, including public health nurses, are able to identify the various health needs found within communities and design interventions that specifically target meeting those health needs. Due to close contact with the community, public and community health nurses have an advantage with being able to identify local disease patterns and specific cases, as well as offer education designed to prevent or control specific diseases based on risk factors and other environmental factors (Wissman, 2007). With the predicted growth of the older adult population in the United States, the study of the elderly population is especially important within the realm of epidemiology. The elderly population makes up the fastest growing portion of the population (Stanley, Blair, amp; Beare, 2005) . It is estimated that there will be more than 50 million people over the age of 65 living in the United States by the year 2020 (Abrams, Beers, amp; Beckow, 2000) . Results from the 2010 census taken in the United States reflects that elderly people, or people over the age of 65, make up 12. percent of the total population (United States Census Bureau, 2012) . With cultural diversity also growing at rapid rates, and new health concerns always on the horizon, epidemiology, especially related to the elder population, becomes critically important (Stanley, Blair, amp; Beare, 2005). Steps and Methods Used in Epidemiology The epidemiological process is complex and consists of many steps. The first step is to identify the health related problem and determine its significance. At this stage, the public health nurse gathers data from all available sources and then uses that data to determine the range of the problem. The next step in the process is to develop a theory exploring possible explanations based on the data that has been compiled. From this point, information is sorted and narrowed down, and the validity of the hypothetical possibilities is explored further. The fourth step involves developing a plan designed to control or put an end to the disease process that is being evaluated. During this phase, all influential factors related to the spread of disease are identified and evaluated, and prioritized goals are created in order to halt the sequence of the spread of disease. The fifth step in the process is putting the plan into action by using all available resources. From there, relevant information is obtained in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the plan in preventing the spread of disease. The seventh and final step consists of creating a report of pertinent data, including evaluation of accomplishments and failures, and basing follow-up recommendations and interventions on this information (Wissman, 2007). Each year, seasonal influenza outbreaks threaten populations across the globe. The already vulnerable elderly population is particularly susceptible to succumb to complications related to influenza, especially considering the fact that the average elderly person has an estimated three or more chronic illnesses that compromise an already weakened immune system (Blais, Hayes, Kozier, amp; Erb, 2006). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, â€Å"Its estimated that 90 percent of seasonal flu-related deaths and more than 60 percent of seasonal flu-related hospitalizations in the United States each year occur n people 65 years and older â€Å" (2011). The CDC advises that the best way to prevent and control the spread of influenza each year is by the use of vaccinnations. In effort to control and prevent influenza epidemics, the CDC uses the epidemiological process to predict the strain of the virus that will be most relevant to the population and this data is used to formulate influenza vaccinations (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). Based on the information provided by the CDC and other agencies, as well as data gathered first hand through interaction within communities, public health nurses can advocate for the use of influenza vaccinations by elderly populations. While providing education related to preventive methods and the importance of vaccination, as well as administering vaccinations, public health nurses are key participants in the epidemiological process of seasonal influenza related to the elderly population. In addition, data reported by front-line health care workers can be used by the CDC and other agencies to predict future episodes of influenza and plan for control of outbreaks. Epidemiological Triad A tool that has proven beneficial in field of epidemiology is the epidemiological triad. This triangle shows the relationships that exist between three interrelated factors in relation to the spread of disease: agent, host, and environment. The agent is identified as the disease causing object. The host is a living being that is able to be affected by the agent. The environment is the surroundings inhabited by and further manipulating the host. According to the epidemiological triad, the interaction among the agent, the host, and the environment, all govern the way communicable diseases develop and spread. In addition, the relationship between these three factors also determines the way communicable disease will be prevented or stopped (Wissman, 2007). Disease causing agents can take on many forms. Infections agents include viruses, fungi, and bacteria. Physical agents include genetics, temperature, and trauma. Chemical agents include drugs, toxins, and fumes. Agents affect hosts based on their susceptibility. Hosts that are not susceptible to disease causing agents are determined to be immune by either active means (natural or artificial) or passive means (natural or artificial). Environments consist of physical factors, access to health care, high risk working and living conditions, crowding, temperature, and many other examples (Baughman, 2004). The epidemiological triad can be applied to the elderly population in relation to influenza. In this scenario, the agent is the influenza virus. The host is the elderly person who is either susceptible to the influenza virus or not susceptible after acquiring immunity through the vaccination process. The environment includes factors such as season, temperature, and crowding. Each of these three aspects of the epidemiological triad interacts to influence the ability of the influenza virus to cause disease and spread among the elderly population and subsequently to the population at large. Types of Epidemiology Epidemiology exists in two forms: analytical and descriptive. Analytical epidemiology strives to determine the cause and origin of disease and also explores associations between disease and determining factors such as who is susceptible and why they are susceptible. On the other hand, descriptive epidemiology explores disease in regard to person, place, and time (Stanhope amp; Lancaster, 2012). Analytical epidemiology is used to study the susceptibility of elderly people to the influenza virus. Likewise, descriptive epidemiology is used to describe who is affected and the outcome of the disease. Relationship of the Disease to Levels of Prevention Various levels of prevention exist in order to promote optimal states of health for individuals and populations. Three levels of prevention can be seen in the health care field and they are relevant in the discipline of epidemiology. The first level, or primary prevention, focuses on the prevention of the onset or initial incidence of illness or injury. Primary prevention can be seen in the form of community assessments, provision of immunizations, education related to communicable disease and hygiene, and also nutrition counseling. The secondary level of prevention focuses on the early discovery of disease states and treatment. The goal of the secondary prevention level is to limit the severity of disease and minimize adverse effects. Secondary prevention methods include screenings for disease (cancer, diabetes, hypertension, etc. ), treatment of these diseases, and regulation of outbreaks of communicable disease. The third, or tertiary, level of prevention aims to make the most of rehabilitation following an illness or injury. Examples of tertiary prevention include rehabilitative exercise programs (such as physical and occupational therapy), support groups, rehabilitative clinics (such as congestive heart failure clinics and cardiac rehab), shelters, and case management (Wissman, 2007). In relation to elderly patients and influenza, the levels of prevention are easily demonstrated. Primary prevention methods include education provided to the elderly population regarding the seriousness of the influenza virus, possible complications, and the necessity of vaccinations to protect against the disease. In addition, providing the influenza vaccination to elderly clients is also a primary prevention method because it seeks to prevent disease from occurring. Once disease occurs, the secondary level of prevention can be observed through interventions such as screening to verify the existence of disease (influenza a swab), symptom control, and management of complications (including rehydration, antibiotics for resulting infections, and potential hospitalization). Due to the likelihood of the existence of already weakened immune systems and aging of various organ systems, the elderly are more likely to suffer serious complications from the influenza virus. For example, many elderly patients develop pneumonia as a result of illness. Tertiary levels of prevention in this situation include interventions such as physical rehabilitation and strengthening exercises. Conclusion Epidemiology strives to identify health related events, causative factors, spread and control of disease, and potential eradication of disease. As the elderly population grows exponentially, epidemiology becomes increasingly important in order to assist our older adults with achieving their greatest health potential. Influenza is a disease that has a heavy impact on the elderly sector of the population. Through the utilization of epidemiology, we have the ability harness the influenza virus and improve outcomes for the elderly, as well as the entire population.